Keeping a Historic Secret

The Aug. 20, 1945 issue of LIFE was filled with momentous news. It reported on the U.S. dropping the first atomic bombs, on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The bombings killed between 150,000 and 246,000 people, wrought unprecedented devastation and hastened the end of the World War II.

Along with coverage of the bombing, that issue of LIFE had a related story about the government’s massive facility in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. For years the doings at that facility had been a closely guarded secret, but now the truth could be told. LIFE’s story on Oak Ridge was headlined “Mystery Town Cradled Bomb.”

The goverment’s facility at Oak Ridge employed tens of thousands of people during the war. LIFE reported that Oak Ridge had dormitories for 13,000 people and barracks for 16,000, as well as 10,000 homes and apartments. There were also ten schools. That was all for a workforce that was largely unaware that Oak Ridge, along with locations in Los Alamos, N.M. and Hanford, Wash., was the home of the Manhattan Project.

Here’s how LIFE described the air of secrecy that permeated Oak Ridge:

Construction workers by the thousands came, labored and, sworn to secrecy, departed silently. Names famous the world over arrived anonymously, advised and departed like shadows. Guardedly—for over their heads always hung the threat of 10 years in prison or a $10,000 fine—Oak Ridge’s laboratory men, clerks, stenographers and scientists probed each other’s information without result. Supremely careful planning had compartmentalized work and therefore knowledge.

Photos by LIFE staff photographer Edward Clark helped pull back the veil. One distinctive trait of Oak Ridge was its sheer size—the facility was big enough to sustain its own economy, including shops and movie theater. The makeshift business district resembled an updated version of what one saw in the mining towns of the old West.

Then there was the signage around Oak Ridge, which hammered home the importance of secrecy.

One of Clark’s photos in particular captured the tight-lipped atmosphere. The photo shows a man reading a sign which says “What you see here/What you do here/What you hear here/Let it stay here.” Clark’s image is one of the most popular in the LIFE photo store. One imagines people are buying a reproduction of it to hang in their office—or, better yet, their rec room, where the photo might take on the spirit of “What happens in Vegas stays in Vegas.”

Of course the original purpose for this sign could not have been more serious. The secret of Oak Ridge was one that reshaped the world.

The Oak Ridge facility in Tennessee, where the atomic bomb was developed, 1945.

Ed Clark/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Security checked a visitor’s car at the government’s Oak Ridge facility entrance, 1945.

Ed Clark/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

This sign at the government’s Oak Ridge facility, where the atomic bomb was developed, warned employees not to talk about their work, 1945.

Ed Clark/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

A roadside sign on roadside near the Oak Ridge facility in Tennessee, where the atomic bomb was developed, 1945.

Ed Clark/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Workers leaving the Oak Ridge facility in Tennessee, where the atomic bomb was developed, 1945.

Ed Clark/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Shops at the Oak Ridge facility in Tennessee, where the atomic bomb was developed, 1945.

Ed Clark/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Shops at the Oak Ridge facility in Tennessee, where the atomic bomb was developed, 1945.

Ed Clark/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

A movie theater at the government’s massive Oak Ridge facility, where the atomic bomb was developed, 1945.

Ed Clark/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

The Oak Ridge facility in Tennessee, where the atomic bomb was developed, 1945.

Ed Clark/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

The Oak Ridge facility in Tennessee, where the atomic bomb was developed, 1945.

Ed Clark/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

The Oak Ridge facility in Tennessee, where the atomic bomb was developed, 1945.

Ed Clark/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

A sign at the Oak Ridge facility in Tennessee, where the atomic bomb was developed, 1945.

Ed Clark/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Albert Camus: Intellectual Titan

In 1968 LIFE magazine summed up the appeal of French philosopher and author Albert Camus with a single sentence: “Camus looked directly into the darkness as saw sun—the human spirit.” The line came from a review of Camus’ book “Lyrical and Critical Essays.” And the fact that LIFE was reviewing such books at all is a throwback to a time when mainstream American media regularly chronicled the doings of French intellectuals.

LIFE ran its biggest story on Camus in October 1957, right around the time he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature for fictional works such as The Stranger, The Plague and The Fall, and philosophical writings such as “The Myth of Sisyphus.” Camus was a mere 44 years old at the time, and he remains the second-youngest person to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature, after Rudyard Kipling.

LIFE’s 1957 story about Camus carried the headline “Action-Packed Intellectual” and began with the note that he “jealously guards his privacy.” But the author relented enough to allow LIFE staff photographer Loomis Dean a rare window into his life. Dean documented Camus at his publishing office, at home with his family, and preparing to direct a staging of his play Caligula. Camus declared to LIFE, “I consider myself an artist first, almost exclusively. What is an artist? Principally a vital force, and of that, frankly, I think I have almost too much. It wears me out.”

The most famous photo from Dean’s shoot—which is also one of the most popular images in LIFE’s online print store—is of Camus standing on the balcony of his Paris publishing offices. Camus looks like an avatar of 1950s intellectual cool. He even takes a drag on a cigarette, a throwback to the days when smoking was less taboo.

In the original story the image of Camus on the balcony ran with this quote from him: “I don’t like to work sitting down. I like to stand up—even at my desk. I probably need to wear myself out.”

It’s the kind of intellectual who could become popular—one who doesn’t take anything sitting down.

French author Albert Camus at the office of his Paris publishing house, 1957.

Loomis Dean/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

French author and philosopher Albert Camus stands with an unidentified woman and reads one of a number of letters on a balcony outside his publishing office, Paris, 1957.

Loomis Dean/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Albert Camus leaned against a radiator in his office, Paris, 1957.

Loomis Dean/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

French author Albert Camus, on the set of his play Caligula, 1957.

Loomis Dean/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Albert Camus directed a rehearsal of his play Caligula, Paris 1957.

Loomis Dean/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Albert Camus directed actors during a rehearsal of his play ‘Caligula.’ Paris, 1957.

Loomis Dean/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Albert Camus smoked a cigarette outside Theatre des Mathurins, where the rehearsals of his play Caligula were taking place, 1957.

Loomis Dean/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Albert Camus kissed actress Dominique Blanchar after a rehearsal of his play Caligula, 1957.

Loomis Dean/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Albert Camus and actress Dominique Blanchar after a rehearsal of his play Caligula, 1957.

Loomis Dean/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Albert Camus (center) rehearsed with actors for his play Caligula at an outdoor Shakespeare theater in Paris, 1957.

Loomis Dean/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Albert Camus (center, next to woman in glasses) dined with a group at a Paris restaurant, 1957.

Loomis Dean/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

French author Albert Camus sitting in the garden of his Paris home with his 11-year-old twins Jean and Catherine, 1957.

Loomis Dean/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

French author Albert Camus poised at home with his 11-year-old twins Jean and Catherine, 1957.

Loomis Dean/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Gordon Parks on Alberto Giacometti and his “Skeletons in Space”

In its heyday LIFE magazine introduced a great many artists to the country at large. Perhaps the most famous instance of this was its star-making profile of Jackson Pollock, but there are many other examples.

In 1951 LIFE showcased the sculptor Alberto Giacometti. Like Pollock, Giacometti’s works were instantly recognizable. His style was bluntly captured in LIFE’s headline: “Skeletal Sculpture: Artist Whittles Men to Bone.”

The story described how Giacometti arrived what it called his ‘stalagmatic style”:

Sculptor Giacometti, son of Switzerland’s foremost impressionist painter, started out 30 years ago producing conventional statues. But he lost his way among the innumerable details of the head and body which seemed to clutter up and conceal the underlying form of human beings. “I felt I needed to realize the whole,” he says. “A structure, a sharpness….a kind of skeleton in space.” To arrive at this “essence of man,” Giacometti gradually reduced his figures to pin size, then gradually stretched them out again to pipeline silhouettes whose slender fragility suggests the perishable nature of man himself.

For that story Giacometti posed for legendary LIFE staff photographer Gordon Parks. The meeting of these two artists resulted in one of the most popular images for sale in the LIFE photo store.

That image is part of this gallery, as are several other frames that Parks took of Giacometti and of his work. Also included here is a photo of a Giacometti work taken by Yale Joel that cropped up in the background of a LIFE story from 1960 about art collector G. David Thompson. He was one of the most prominent art collectors of the 20th century, and he owned 70 works by Giacometti.

Alberto Giacometti in his studio, surrounded by his sculptures, 1951.

Gordon Parks/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Sculptor Alberto Giacometti in Paris, 1951.

Gordon Parks/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Swiss artist Alberto Giacometti, 1951.

Gordon Parks/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Swiss artist Alberto Giacometti in his studio, 1951.

Gordon Parks.Life PIcture Collection/Shutterstock

Swiss artist Alberto Giacometti, surrounded by sculptures in his studio, 1951.

Gordon Parks/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

A Giacometti sculpture on a Parisian street, 1951.

Gordon Parks/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

These Giacometti animal sculptures lived not far from Giacometti’s Paris studio, 1951.

Gordon Parks/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Sculptor Alberto Giacometti, 1951.

Gordon Parks/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Art collector G. David Thompson, 1959, with a Giacometti sculpture; he owned 70 works by the artist.

Yale Joel/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

The Work of Evelyn Floret, a Master of Intimate Portraits

Evelyn Floret’s most outstanding trait as a photographer may well have been her ability to put her subjects at ease. She shot portraits for PEOPLE magazine from 1976 to ’96, and Floret says that the magazine often chose her for an assignment when they thought the subject might need a photographer with a gentle touch. “I’m a sensitive person, I’m appreciative,” Floret says. “I’m not critical. I have a positive outlook and an appreciation for people, and that would translate into how I would behave on an assignment.”

Indeed, Floret’s subjects look like they are posing before someone who they believe appreciates them and will take care of them. 

Floret may have been able to connect with her subjects, most of whom are creative types, because she is an artist herself. In addition to being a photographer, she practices other visual arts, most notably sculpture. She says her interest in sculpture was an outgrowth of her portrait photography .

And Floret came to photography with a rich life experience. She was born in Paris in 1936, and four years later she and her parents had to flee that city when Germany invaded France. After moving from town to town for a year, she and her family sailed from Portugal to the United States, settling in St. Louis in 1941. Her nationality remained in important part of her identity. During World War II her family would host weekly brunches for French soldiers stationed at nearby Scott Air Force Base, where radio operators and technicians were trained. After Floret graduated college, her first professional work was teaching French. It tells you much about her convivial personality that, all these decades later, she is still in touch with some of her former students.

Floret, deciding she wanted an artistic life, later moved to New York. She briefly attempted to become an actress before finding her calling in photography. A couple LIFE photographers played key roles along the way. One of her formative experiences was taking a class at the New School with Phillipe Halsman. and it was John Dominis who helped pave her entry into the magazine world while he was working at PEOPLE.

Soon she was shooting photos of all sorts of artists, from Lynda Carter to Margaret Atwood.

In more than a few of Floret’s photos, she had the stars pose with their pets. For example, actress Nancy Marchand, who at the time was on the television show Lou Grant and would go on to play Olivia Soprano in The Sopranos, held her dog up close to her face. “The animals brought the pictures to life because the people loved them so much,” Floret said. “That was the case with Nancy Marchand.”

Floret has been reflecting on her career lately because she is currently in the process of completing a book that compiles her favorite photographs from her years with the magazine. Looking at all the portraits she shot of such talented and accomplished people has filled her with appreciation and wonder. 

“I just treasure the people that I photographed,” she says. “I am reliving the joy of the result of the experiences, and I feel appreciation for the generosity of the editors who gave the assignments, and the people who allowed me into their private lives to take these very personal photographs.”

Enjoy this selection of images from Floret that highight both the range of people she photographed and also the quality of her artistry.

Author Alex Haley writing as he sits in rocking chair on porch of house on his farm. Floret described Haley as “a treasure’ and said that she loved his quote, “If i knew what success would bring, I would have been typing faster.”

Courtesy of Evelyn Floret

Actress Nancy Marchand with her dog in 1982, when she was a regular on the television show “Lou Grant.”

Courtesy of Evelyn Floret

Gloria Vanderbilt in 1979. After trying shots with the models facing forward, photographer Evelyn Floret asked the models to turn around. “She was like a little flower with that pink satin blouse in the center of it all,” Floret said. “I knew i had the picture when i saw that.”

Courtesy of Evelyn Floret

Lynda Carter of Wonder Woman fame and Robert Altman enjoyed a picnic on the banks of the Potomac in 1983. They married in 1984, and remained together until his death in 2021. Floret says, “They were very much in love. It was a joy to be around them.”

Courtesy of Evelyn Floret

For a story on George Way, an expert antiques collector who also worked at a deli counter, Floret photographed him in the bed in which he sleeps, an Elizabeth I from 1571. At the time of the shoot, in 1991, the bed was valued at $400,000.

Courtesy of Evelyn Floret

Martha Stewart posed outside of her Connecticut home in 1987, when she had just come out with a book on wedding cakes.

Courtesy of Evelyn Floret

Martha Stewart in 1987. Floret described Stewart as “delightful, compassionate, appreciative, kind, soft-spoken, and humble.”

Courtesy of Evelyn Floret

Author Margaret Atwood in her Toronto home with her cat Fluffy, 1989. “She was dazzling to me,” Floret said. “But I never felt intimidated by anyone I photographed. I just had this desire to do the best I could by them.”

Courtesy of Evelyn Floret

Harvey Fierstein with cast members of La Cage aux Folles, a show that he wrote, in 1984. He brought cast members to a studio at 18th and Broadway to be photographed. “That’s an example of the effort people made to give me a great photo,” Floret said.

Courtesy of Evelyn Floret

George Shearing, the blind jazz pianist, rode with his wife Ellie in Central Park, 1979. After the photo shoot Shearing sent Floret a thank you note written in Braille.

Courtesy of Evelyn Floret

Attorney Roy Cohn, 1984. For Evelyn Floret this was the rare case of her photographing an individual with a notorious reputation, and that influenced the resulting photo. “Having him in that setting seemed appropriate,” she said. “It was just like a mixed message. You could draw your own conclusions. Live animal and stuffed animal, animal that was made out of china.”

Courtesy of Evelyn Floret

Midori in 1981, at age 11. Later that year, at a New Year’s Eve concert, she would perform a solo with the New York Philharmonic. She went on to become a great performer and advocate for music education.

Courtesy of Evelyn Floret

Hugues de Montalembert was a painter who lost his sight after being attacked during a burglary in his New York apartment. He then turned to writing. Floret captured his spirit by photographing him riding a horse on a Long Island beach. Another horseman rode just out of view to guide De Montalambert along. Floret says, “I was nearly in tears while capturing this photo.”

Courtesy of Evelyn Floret

Ella Fitzgerald: The First Lady of Song

Ella Fitzgerald has been described as “perhaps the quintessential jazz singer.” This live performance of “Let’s Do It (Let’s Fall In Love)” is one of the countless examples of Ella Fitzgerald thrilling an audience with her talents.

In 1955 LIFE’s Eliot Elisofon photographed Fitzgerald for a story on the top jazz stars of the day, and she was the only woman included in the group. LIFE wrote of her, “Ella Fitzgerald, who sings love ballads daintily, can roar on like a trombone through a jazz classic. Her most famous number is “A-Tisket, A-Tasket,” but it is her many hotter songs that keep her the first lady of jazz year after year.”

In 1958 LIFE staff photographer Yale Joel took his turn shooting Fitzgerald. He caught her performing at Mister Kelly’s, a renowned jazz club in Chicago. The photo places the viewer in a front row seat. Fitzgerald, elegantly dressed, sings with her eyes closed and hand to heart on a low stage that has her nearly at level with the audience. That photo is one of the most popular images in LIFE’s print store, which is a tribute to both Joel’s skill and Fitzgerald’s enduring popularity—several of her songs have more than 100 million plays on Spotify.

Included here are several other of Joel’s shots from Mister Kelly’s, and also other instances in which LIFE’s photographers documented this great artist.

Singer Ella Fitzgerald holding a basket of flowers as she sings A-Tisket, A-Tasket in front of backdrop, 1946.

Eliot Eilsofon/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Jazz singer Ella Fitzgerald performed at Mister Kelly’s nightclub in Chicago, 1958.

Yale Joel/Life PIcture Collection/Shutterstock

Bathed in red light, American jazz singer Ella Fitzgerald performed her eyes closed, at Mister Kelly’s nightclub, Chicago, 1958.

Yale Joel/Life PIcture Collection/Shutterstock

Ella Fitzgerald performed at Mister Kelly’s nightclub in Chicago, 1958.

Yale Joel/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Ella Fitzgerald performing at Mister Kelly’s nightclub in Chicago, 1958.

Yale Joel/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Ella Fitzgerald mingled with people who had come to hear her perform at the opening night of the Bop City nightclub in New York City, April 1949.

.Martha Holmes/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Songbird Ella Fitzgerald sang at opening at the Bop City nightclub in New York City, 1949.

Martha Holmes/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Ella Fitzgerald sang during opening night of Bop City nightclub in New York City, April 1949.

Martha Holmes/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Ella Fitzgerald at the old Madison Square Garden in New York on the night Marilyn sang to John F. Kennedy, May 1962.

Bill Ray/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Ella Fitzgerald, the Queen of Jazz, 1954.

Ella Fitzgerald, the Queen of Jazz, 1954.

Eliot Elisofon/Life Pictures/Shutterstock

Vulgarian at the Gates: Russ Meyer Visits Yale

Academia is a place where people debate ideas. In February 1970, at Yale Law School, an institution that has educated four of our nine current Supreme Court justices, the topic of discussion was a surprising one: the films of Russ Meyer.

Meyer occupies a distinct place in cinematic history as a kind of gleeful vulgarian. In the 1960s, around the time standards loosened up about what could be shown in movie theaters, Meyer was one of the leading figures in a genre known as “sexploitation.” It may tell you all you need to know about his films that at the time of his death in 2004 from complications from pneumonia, he was at work an anthology film about his career titled “The Breast of Russ Meyer.”

Meyer came to Yale as the star attraction of the two-day Russ Meyer film festival, and he brought two of his leading ladies with him. They were Cynthia Myers, who was also a Playboy Playmate and had featured in perhaps Meyer’s most famous film, Beyond the Valley of the Dolls. He also brought Haji, the star of another one of his more notorious works, Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill!

LIFE photographer John Olson was on hand to document the scene, and he had fun highlighting the juxtaposition of Meyer and his actresses exploring the school’s neo-Gothic architecture. In Olson’s shots, Yale students seemed delighted to have Meyer and his actresses on campus.

But not everyone was amused. The New York Times covered the gathering, and the newspaper’s brief story was headlined “Meyer and Two Feminists Exchange Barbs at Yale.” The Times repored, “The women accused Meyer of having a `breast fixation’ and said his films showed sex as something `sinful and evil.'” Meyer responded by suggesting he and the woman compare sexual experiences.”

Meyer’s response was provocative and rude, and just about what you might expect, especially in a setting where he was meant to embody crassness. They were also emblematic of the kinds of issues that people take up when they discuss of free expression. It’s the classic question—how much protection do you give to words and images that people find offensive?

Discuss amongst yourselves.

Director Russ Meyer, with leading ladies Haji (right) and Cynthia Myers (left) visited Yale for the Russ Meyer Film Festival, 1970.

John Olson/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Director Russ Meyer, with leading ladies Haji (left) and Cynthia Myers (right) visited Yale for the Russ Meyer Film Festival, 1970.

John Olson/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Director Russ Meyer, with leading ladies Haji (left) and Cynthia Myers (right) visited Yale for the Russ Meyer Film Festival, 1970.

John Olson/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Director Russ Meyer, with leading ladies Haji (right) and Cynthia Myers (left) visited Yale for the Russ Meyer Film Festival, 1970.

John Olson/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Russ Meyer, with leading ladies Cynthia Myers (left) and Haji (right) visited Yale for the Russ Meyer Film Festival, 1970.

John Olson/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Russ Meyer, with Haji (right), one of his leading ladies, visited Yale for the Russ Meyer Film Festival, 1970.

John Olson/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Director Russ Meyer, with two of his leading ladies, Cynthia Myers (left) and Haji (right) at the Russ Meyer Film Festival at Yale University, 1970.

John Olson/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Director Russ Meyer, with leading ladies Haji and Cynthia Myers (off to the right) visited Yale for the Russ Meyer Film Festival, 1970.

John Olson/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Director Russ Meyer visited Yale for their Russ Meyer Film Festival, 1970.

John Olson/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Director Russ Meyer at the Russ Meyer Film Festival at Yale University, 1970.

John Olson/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Russ Meyer with Haji, one of his leading ladies, at the Yale campus for the Russ Meyer Film Festival, 1970.

John Olson/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Director Russ Meyer at the Russ Meyer Film Festival at Yale University, 1970.

John Olson/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Director Russ Meyer, with leading ladies Haji (right) and Cynthia Myers (left), visited Yale for the Russ Meyer Film Festival, 1970.

John Olson/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Director Russ Meyer at the Russ Meyer Film Festival at Yale University, 1970.

John Olson/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Director Russ Meyer at the Russ Meyer Film Festival at Yale University, 1970.

John Olson/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Director Russ Meyer at the Russ Meyer Film Festival at Yale University, 1970.

John Olson/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

Director Russ Meyer, with leading ladies Haji (left) and Cynthia Myers (right), visited Yale for the Russ Meyer Film Festival, 1970.

John Olson/Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock

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